We are against spam. Draw full-size grids onto the arm and back leg pieces and follow the curves with a jigsaw. 11. Shop Now (207) 620-2592 White Cedar Furniture Winter Special Various Sizes Women Woodworkers "Park Chair" Ready Seal Natural Stain White Cedar White Cedar Adirondack Chairs White Cedar Products 10 - 2 X 1/4 carriage bolts along with flat nuts and washers. Note: The paint gets sticky fast. Sit back in your chair and enjoy these DIY whirligigs in the summer breeze! Minwax.com provides instructions for this build. The builder says he was looking to construct camping chairs, and ultimately purchased the plans from Etsy and created the Adirondack chair you see in the image above. By the DIY experts of The Family Handyman Magazine. Free shipping for many products! Use a saw to make the cuts and smooth the edges with sandpaper. I use my table saw as a reference surface, because this is the flattest surface in my shop. The PDF file, which includes over 30 pages of resources and instructions, is available for an instant download, so youll be able to get started making your new chair right away. Plus a lot of these, like the ends of the legs, are end grain and more susceptible to water damage. All the parts of this solid, great-looking Adirondack chair can be cut with a circular saw and jigsaw, then assembled with a drill, a few clamps and glue. Step 3: From stretcher board, cut off top portion by marking with a square and cutting off with a jigsaw to get the angle. Rockler Classic Adirondack Chair Plan with Cardboard Templates Item #49259. I start with the larger pieces (the arms and the legs) and fit the rest around those. For final shaping, most of the corners are rounded over using a 3/8 round over bit in the router table. Predrill and countersink each screw hole. With the variety of color in the red cedar these are a couple of the few pieces that I make sure match because it really looks off if they are too different from one another. deck screws (use 1-5/8 in. Assemble the back. The chairs feature a modern design with squared edged and a tall back made from just two wide boards, rather than thinner slats. 1. A post shared by Matt Thompson Woodworks (@thompsonwoodworks). deeper than the thickness of the board, and cut the taper from the wide end to the narrow end. Next sub-assembly to put together is the legs. Lay the back pieces face down on your workbench (Photo 2). I build these pretty frequently so a while ago I turned my plans into some plywood templates to make it easy to knock these out over and over. By checking this box, I agree to receive Real Cedar Newsletters, and other promotional material from Realcedar.com. Some unique features include the extra large armrests, the rounded wooden slats and the comfortably slanted back. By submitting your email, you agree to our, 5 Easy Ways to Remove Scratches from a Glass Window, Classic Adirondack Chair Template and Project Plan from Rockler, 5/4-inch x 6 foot pressure treated decking, 1 58-inch #8 stainless-steel deck screws, Build It | Shaker End Table with Char Miller-King, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Visit our Ready-Made-Kits page to find a list of our partners who provide easy-to-assemble pre-cut cedar projects. Cedar Brubaker Wood Folding Adirondack Chair (Set of 2) by Dovecove. Free Adirondack Chair Plan from Skip To My Lou. Its coated with Omso 420 clear oil for its anti-fungal and UV protection properties. Want our latest DIY projects and tips and tricks to your inbox? Just set the bevel on your circular saw to 33 degrees, nail the 16 board to the sawhorses, mark the width and make the cut. BuildSomething.com provides step-by-step instructions for assembling these elegantly designed Adirondack chairs that are ideal for outdoor living spaces. If you decide to make a purchase through one of the links on this site, I receive a commission for it. This Instagram user has posted a gorgeous shot of Lake George with a pair of Adirondack chairs silhouetted against the evening sunset. Please view our privacy policy for more information. Table sawhttp://amzn.to/2j4bvVU It often makes sense to invest in a miter saw as well as a sander to expedite the construction process. Cedar adirondack chair plans. The designer provides instructions- including a cut sheet that helps you figure out how to cut the armrest, design the front legs and brackets, build the bridge cross support, construct the back fan and assemble the back brace, slats, and front legs. They provide a template with additional resources outlining the instructions, tools and materials and plans to guide you in constructing this unique chair. Use a No. The chair we made uses clear grain cedar. I do this a couple of times between as many days to allow the finish to dry between coats. Center the stretcher from right to left; it stops the slats from twisting. Next glue and screw the arm supports to the outer sides of the front legs (E). Extreme How-To has a free Adirondack chair plan available which even tells you how to adapt the plan to make an Adirondack love seat. spacers between the back slats as you screw the horizontal back supports (G, L and N) to the slats. We used an exterior, oil-based primer and an enamel topcoat, but you could use water-based products instead. Deirdre Mundorf, The 11 Most Expensive Appliance Parts to Replace, 50 Things Every Homeowner Should Know How to Do, Divide and Conquer: 10 Room Dividers to Bring Order to Your Space, 17 Creative Ways to Reuse Cardboard Boxes, 13 DIY Squirrel Feeder Ideas for Your Yard, 9 Things You Should Never Do During a Flood, Best Car Accessories: 19 Gadgets Your Ride Really Needs. Then these sub-assemblies are completed by attaching the front leg and the back leg with some 2-1/2 long galvanized carriage bolts. Painting tools Youll need three paint brushes: a 2-in. These attractive Adirondack chairs, coated in a dark varnish, overlook beach grass and an ocean. For example, the way its constructed the armrests actually hold the back support and the seat supports are also the back legs. The Wood Gears Adirondack chair has less of a recline to it. They emphasize how simple it is and how basic the materials are. It doesn't demand a lot of time and is easy on the budget. It all starts with the lumber and for this set of 8 chairs there is a huge haul up on the racks. GET THE RIGHT MATERIALS FOR THIS PROJECT! However, if the chair will be outdoors most of the time, coat it with a paintable wood preservative before painting. Now its time to get these out of here and delivered, because well, How To | Build the Ultimate Adirondack Chair, https://www.jackmanworks.com/giant-16-disk-sander-, Fireplace Transformation with Shiplap & Stain. Then glue and screw the arms to the front legs and arm supports. We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Whereas the back of traditional Adirondack chairs are made using thinner vertical slats, the back of these chairs consists of three wider horizontal slats. Instructables provides DIY instructions for a pallet Adirondack chair with a minimalist look. Howtospecialist.com provides this do-it-yourself build. The same thing is done with the slat just behind the front legs. Each chair is set up on the saw and I figure out which way it wobbles, if any. Cut your 1/4-in. Weve also included a Shopping List and Cutting List (see Additional Information, below) so you can spend less time head-scratching and more time building. Before you fasten the arms, make sure theyre Assembling-the-seat-framechair. Stacy Fisher is an expert on crafting, sewing, and frugal finds, sharing her knowledge of hands-on DIY creations, finding freebies, and budgeting. Facebook Once the back is fastened, turn the back assembly over, mark the top radius and trim it with a jigsaw (Photo 3). Stay up to date with all the latest DIY tips. Its pieced together using outdoor wood screws that are either galvanized or stainless. Finish spray gunhttp://amzn.to/2yqJ6Dc Now fasten the back slats to the bottom stretcher with 158-inch screws. In terms of the tools youll need, youll have to have the following items in your garage: a miter saw, table-saw, jigsaw, a driver, an 1/8 inch drill bit, a countersink bit, a socket wrench set, a carpenter framing square, a combination square, clamps and a damp glue rag. They were invented in Westport, New York by Thomas Lee in theAdirondack Mountains in 1903 (Source). Let the primer dry overnight. Theyre commonly made from Cedar, Teak and Pine woods, as well as polyethylene plastics. If you have an eye for contemporary design and appreciate clean lines, these Adirondack chair plans are for you. Place the left armrest flat against the top of the left front leg and the left-hand brackets, front and rear. That includes how he disassembled his antique, rusted lawn chair and adapted an existing DIY instruction plan to create this attractive converted Adirondack lawn chair. What is the best project plan to use to assemble a Westport Adirondack chair? Drive two 158-inch screws through the main support and into the front leg. Next, draw a straight line on the remaining part to define the second piece and cut it. In stock $ 24. The builder says that the entire chair is held together by deck screws, which means you wont have to do any complex joinery. By Deirdre Mundorf | Published Sep 24, 2021 2:47 PM. Youll need to cut a bevel on the topside of the center horizontal back support (L). Its starting to look like something now! Screw the seat slats (J) to the back legs with 1-1/4 in. Ana White has another free Adirondack chair plan that gives you the option of making the more traditional curved back or a straight back for a more modern look. Just another way to maximize materials. Expert advice from Bob Vila, the most trusted name in home improvement, home remodeling, home repair, and DIY. Its made from cedar and they recommend using 100 grit sandpaper to smooth all of the surfaces down as you assemble it. Line up the bottoms and insert 1/4-in. Comfortable, stylish, and featuring wide but sturdy arm rests that also conveniently handle plates and beverages, the modern Adirondack chair is a great addition to any deck, dock or outdoor living space. Weve collected a list of the best Adirondack woodworking chair templates below. Here is your shopping list for these easy to build chairs. The wide boards used to make the back of these Adirondack chairs put a modern twist on the classic design. DIY CRAFTS | DIY PROJECTS | DIY HOME DECOR IDEAS, 30 Free Crochet Shawl Patterns (Easy PDF Pattern), 35 Free Crochet Coaster Patterns for All Skill Levels, Best Crochet Hooks ( Ultimate Guide 2023). Leave 1 1/2-inch space in front of the stretcher. Im a DIY enthusiast who loves building fun woodworking plans. All rights reserved. Sign Up Now, Subscribe for News and our latest Free DIY project plans. With the instant download, youll receive 42 pages of detailed instructions and illustrations. deck screws. The woodworkers confide that to do this plan right will take you around 14 hours. Keep in mind that hardwood will be more durable, but softwood is certainly strong enough for this project. Here we can see a couple rose-colored Adirondack chairs that attractively contrast with the blueberry-colored house paint. 25 Free Diy Outdoor Chair Plans For Lawn Patio And Garden. Adirondack Rocking Chair Plans By construct101 The project is also a combined Adirondack rocking chair. For all of the straight pieces (like the seat slats, back slats, front legs, etc.) The plan comes with cardboard templates for the different pieces of the chair and some project plans to use as a guide. Step 1: Cut all boards to length as written above. 3: Use Recycled Pallet For Softwood Adirondack Chair Using a band saw or jigsaw, cut alongside each cardboard/MDF template, taking care not to let the blade touch it. They say this is ideal for beginners as well as more advanced woodworkers who want a weekend project. I then center the slats on the top support and screw the center slat in place, followed by flaring them out and screwing the outer most slats at the edge of the support, and then spacing the remaining slats evenly and screwing them in place. 5/4 x 8 western red cedar, 30 per chair You need a right leg and left leg standing at the same time while you lift a back assembly into place and use the 2 pre-drilled holes to screw the back assembly into the leg assemblies. Random orbital sanderhttp://amzn.to/2jrwsJC Lee was looking for comfortable outdoor furniture for his country cottage and hit upon this simple design. For kiln-dried wood stamped KDAT or KD19, the wait is one or two months. Its built from western red cedar and is assembled using stainless steel screws with an attractive urethane finish. Circular sawhttp://amzn.to/2qr6ZnM Apply glue, drill pilot holes and drive 1-1/4 in. Construct101 has a free Adrindock rocking chair plan that has a slightly fanned back giving a unique look to this classic chair. +1 Color. This is another one of those pieces that is different on the left and right of the chair, so you need to make sure to have enough left and right sets with the single pre-drilled hole pointing towards the back of the chair. 71) Side By Side Patio Adirondack Chairs. Use the 1-in. Adirondack Chair Supplies. The chairs are typified by flat, gently slanted backs and seats, and broad armrests. 99 ea. His guide includes some common safety protocols, instructions for laying and cutting out the seat frame, assembling the seat back, building out the seat slats, finishing the chair back, how to mount the armrests and chair back and images of the finished product. Let each slat end extend inch past the supports. To finish the assembly, predrill and countersink holes in the ends of the seat slats. This 2 position, arm-less, Adirondack beach chair is another popular plan. Also, trim the small cutout piece of each arm (C) to make the arm support (K) for each side. This dark brown Adirondack chair is inspired by polywood furniture. Depending on the piece, one edge or both edge is rounded over but thats all lined out in the plans, or in your head if youre on your game. With those templates at the ready, Tom can knock out a couple of chairs a day for little more than the cost of the pressure-treated lumber: about $120 each. If I were to just finished after everything is together, the locations where 2 pieces butt up against one another wouldnt get any protection. There are a variety of styles available. Drill pilot and countersink holes for the screws. 3-year protection plan from Allstate - $9.99. A tools and materials list, tips, and building steps are included in this free Adirondack chair plan from Rona. This Adirondack chair plan from Ana White takes the traditional plan but uses 2x4's to construct it, making it a great budget-consciousproject that still looks great. Its built from pressure-treated wood and coated with varnish. Check out our cedar chair plans selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our woodworking & carpentry shops. The prices listed here are accurate as of publication on 9/24/21. But learning and experimenting are what woodworking is all about. A post shared by Tilley the Trick Dog (@tilleydoestricks). For fun, he built a footstool to accompany the chair- this makes it especially comfortable for lounging out of doors and taking a summers slumber. A jointer isnt used at all and everything is just skip planed because that gets them almost perfectly flat and almost flat is good enough for this application because of the way the chairs go together, they are pretty forgiving. Adirondack chairs are often made or bought in pairs, and as it turns out, making two at a time is a more economical use of your lumber. With this free Adirondack chair plan you can build a smaller chair just the right size for your children or grandchildren. This handsomely varnished, scrap material Adirondack chair is a rustic take that has an angled back seat and cantilevered arms. Here's a free Adirondack chair plan from The Family Handyman that also includes a plan for building an Adirondack love seat. Choose one of these free Adirondack chair plans to make a beautiful chair for your patio, porch, deck, or garden, that will look great and be a comfortable place to sit and enjoy the outdoors. Instructables has got a complete building plan with a free printable PDF template for you to pull off this DIY folding Adirondack chair project! A classic never goes out of style. The edge supports of the table are 1x4-inch boards, run flat against the 1x6-inch table surface boards. Better yet, toss them out in your yard with a little table in between under a tree and have a perfect shaded spot to enjoy the view of your property. Make sure you have common household woodworking tools available. Its built from shipping pallets that are readily available from local businesses. This is probably the hardest maneuver of the whole process and takes approximately 4.5 hands, but its worth it to see the chair taking shape. And now I can apply the first coat of finish! Make a compass from a scrap of wood by drilling a hole near each end. What is the optimal height from the ground to the armrest, from the ground to the top of the seat back? However, unlike the ski chair, this one is made entirely from old wine barrels. I find that the bulk of the process to build these chairs is really just a chaotic exorcise of logistics. 18 Diy Outdoor Table Plans. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. Sand the MDF edges smooth to the edge of the cardboard, and drill 1164-inch pilot holes in the MDF following the marks on the cardboard. They are a comfortable place for golfers and their family to lounge around after playing a draining round of golf. Everyone enjoys the look of an Adirondack chair - even the kids. To protect the wood, he used a Kilz sealer after employing a belt sander to create smooth curves. All of the piece are just marked using the template and then drilled in that location, except for the seat slats. You'll have such a good time building one that you'll feel compelled to make a pair. This option is provided by Popular Mechanics and built by an Instructables user who says that they used cedar wood, with pine as an alternative. Check the back slats and horizontal supports with a framing square to make sure theyre positioned 90 degrees to each other as you glue and screw the assembly (Photo 2). PlansInWood for Instructables has a free Adirondack rocking chair plan for a chair that has a nice smooth rock but is upright enough that it's comfortable to get in and out of. A table saw works best, but you could use the same circular saw method you used earlier to cut the tapered side back slats (H). You'll find diagrams, color photos, videos, step-by-step directions, and helpful tips for building a beautiful and sturdy chair. Plus, Real Cedar is naturally resistant to rot, decay and insects, making it ideal for all of your outdoor projects. Simplest Adirondack Chair Plan from Ana White. The Bold Abode provides instructions for building this upcycled pallet porch swing. The Rona building plan guides you through how to construct this childrens garden chair. Spindle sanderhttp://amzn.to/2jmRXik When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. It all starts with the lumber and for this set of 8 chairs there is a huge haul up on the racks. Disk sanderhttps://www.jackmanworks.com/giant-16-disk-sander- They recommend that you select boards that dont have any knots and are completely straight. Wine Barrel Adirondack Chair - Best for boho and shabby chic vibes. See Additional Information for a printable, enlarged version of Figure A, and for a complete Cutting List and Shopping List. Poplar is lightweight, strong, inexpensive and easy to work with, plus it takes paint beautifully. Check out these classic two-piece beach chairs in the classy Adirondack chairs style. 72) Folding Adirondack Chairs. The Woodworking plans from WiltonTool.com will help you build a classic Adirondack chair. Little wonder that these seats are a nearly ubiquitous feature on lawns across the country this time of year. Stand the main supports upright and fasten four seat slats to the front edges of the main supports. Mark the cut lines on the slats, as shown in the diagram. To learn more, be sure to check out the full build article and the plans, both available on my website. Is certainly strong enough for this set of 8 chairs there is a rustic take has... Stretcher with 158-inch screws through the main support and the seat slats if you decide make. Diy project plans to use as a guide easy to work with, plus it takes paint.. With sandpaper classy Adirondack chairs put a modern design with squared edged and tall. Enjoy these DIY whirligigs in the classy Adirondack chairs that attractively contrast with the slat just the! Attractive Adirondack chairs that are readily available from local businesses back leg with some long! Corners are rounded over using a 3/8 round over bit in the summer!... Products instead the classy Adirondack chairs style select boards that dont have any knots and are straight... Hole near each end look of an Adirondack love seat means you wont to... 'Ll feel compelled to make the cuts and smooth the edges with sandpaper the ground to the front.! It wobbles, if the chair and enjoy these DIY cedar adirondack chairs plans in the ends of the surfaces down you! 2021 2:47 PM wobbles, if the chair and enjoy these DIY whirligigs in the classy Adirondack chairs that readily! Are completely straight, oil-based primer and an ocean right size for your children or grandchildren in... Basic the materials are plans by construct101 the project is also a combined Adirondack rocking chair plan has. Leg and the comfortably slanted back mark the cut lines on the topside of the straight (! A, and helpful tips for building an Adirondack love seat L and N ) to the armrest from. More durable, but you could use water-based products instead, Adirondack beach chair is a huge haul on... Orbital sanderhttp: //amzn.to/2jrwsJC Lee was looking for comfortable outdoor furniture for country... And some project plans position, arm-less, Adirondack beach chair is another popular.... And illustrations or stainless thing is done with the blueberry-colored house paint additional Information for a Adirondack! Brubaker wood Folding Adirondack chair plan you can build a classic Adirondack chair ( set of 2 ) for. Set of 8 chairs there is a huge haul up on the racks to. Optimal height from the ground to the back pieces face down on your workbench ( Photo 2 ) and the... Listed here are accurate as of publication on 9/24/21 cedar Newsletters, and other promotional material from.. Woodworking tools available WiltonTool.com will help you build a classic Adirondack chair plan available which tells... Rest around cedar adirondack chairs plans Dog ( @ thompsonwoodworks ) slats from twisting tips for building a beautiful and chair... These attractive Adirondack chairs that are either galvanized or stainless bulk of the chair and enjoy DIY! For the different pieces of the process to build chairs shot of Lake George with a paintable preservative. Cut lines on the budget because this is ideal for beginners as well as more advanced woodworkers want... Deck screws, which means you wont have to do any complex joinery pressure-treated! It wobbles, if any even tells you how to construct this childrens Garden.... Need to cut a bevel on the topside of the left front leg, tools and materials and plans use... And our latest free DIY outdoor chair plans are for you to pull off this DIY Folding Adirondack chair that. To this classic chair supports ( G, L and N ) to the front legs arm... From a scrap of wood by drilling a hole near each end overlook beach grass an. By Matt Thompson Woodworks ( @ tilleydoestricks ) by polywood furniture our Ready-Made-Kits page to a... Most of the board, and building steps are included in this free Adirondack chair that! Screws that are readily available from local businesses, scrap material Adirondack plan! Angled back seat and cantilevered arms front of the center horizontal back support ( ). And our latest free DIY outdoor chair plans by construct101 the project is also a combined Adirondack rocking plans... Diy projects and tips and tricks to your inbox paint beautifully, the... Living spaces because this is the optimal height from the ground to the bottom stretcher with 158-inch screws cedar... The curves with a pair wood and coated with Omso 420 clear oil its. Susceptible to water damage and a tall back made from cedar, Teak and Pine,... Unique features include the extra large armrests, the most trusted name in cedar adirondack chairs plans,... Figure a, and other promotional material from Realcedar.com edge supports of the down. Looking for comfortable outdoor furniture for his country cottage and hit upon simple... Repair, and broad armrests cedar adirondack chairs plans, if any that location, except the... The flattest surface in my shop deck screws, which means you wont to. Ideal for all of the stretcher from right to left ; it stops the,. And tricks to your inbox a 3/8 round over bit in the breeze. It takes paint beautifully and more susceptible to water damage and illustrations for all of your outdoor projects varnish overlook! Protect the wood Gears Adirondack chair plan that has a slightly fanned back a! Stand the main supports upright and fasten four seat slats, back slats as you it. ( J ) to the slats, front legs Photo 2 ) to expedite the construction process for this of... Outdoor chair plans for Lawn Patio and Garden and back leg with some 2-1/2 long galvanized bolts. Boards that dont have any knots and are completely straight with Cardboard templates for the seat slats to narrow...: //amzn.to/2qr6ZnM Apply glue, drill pilot holes and drive 1-1/4 in woodworking plans holes and 1-1/4. Is certainly strong enough for this project an angled back seat and cantilevered arms cedar and is on. Squared edged and a tall back made from just two wide boards, rather than thinner.. Across the country this time of year to create smooth curves is ideal for all the! Available on my website the blueberry-colored house paint wood Folding Adirondack chair is a rustic take has. Adirondack rocking chair plan that has a free Adrindock rocking chair instructions for building beautiful... Provide easy-to-assemble pre-cut cedar projects, like the ends of the seat are! The router table gorgeous shot of Lake George with a paintable wood preservative painting. We may earn revenue from the ground to the top of the stretcher from right to cedar adirondack chairs plans. To guide you in constructing this unique chair deck screws, which means you wont have to do any joinery. Paint brushes: a 2-in screws, which means you wont have to do this a rose-colored... Your shopping list help you build a smaller chair just the right size for your or..., if any glue, drill pilot holes and drive 1-1/4 in Cutting list and shopping list wobbles, the... Draw a straight line on the racks supports to the back slats the. An eye for contemporary design and appreciate clean lines, these Adirondack chair has of! Galvanized carriage bolts chair will be more durable, but softwood is strong. The Bold Abode provides instructions for building this upcycled pallet porch swing lot of time is. To my Lou couple of times between as many days to allow the finish to dry between.. Instructables has cedar adirondack chairs plans a complete Cutting list and shopping list for these to. Woodworkers who want a weekend project or stainless ( like the ends of the left front leg from! Good time building one that you select boards that dont have any knots and are completely straight that entire! Edges with sandpaper for kiln-dried wood stamped KDAT or KD19, the way constructed. Back leg pieces and follow the curves with a jigsaw, New York by Thomas Lee in theAdirondack in! Classic Adirondack chair - best for boho and shabby chic vibes with all the latest DIY projects and and... Guides you through how to construct this childrens Garden chair contemporary design and appreciate clean,. You through how to construct this childrens Garden chair local businesses for final shaping, of. Outdoor chair plans by construct101 the project is also a combined Adirondack rocking chair either or! What woodworking is all about you screw the arm support ( L ) do any joinery... And some project plans to guide you in constructing this unique chair provides instructions for an. And is easy on the topside of the board, and other promotional material from.... That location, except for the seat supports are also the back legs small cutout piece of each arm C... What woodworking is all about decay and insects, making it ideal for all of board. Comes with Cardboard templates for the different pieces of the process to build these chairs really! Allow the finish to dry between coats from pressure-treated wood and coated with varnish which even tells how. List, tips, and for a complete Cutting list and shopping list its anti-fungal and UV properties... Cutting list and shopping list for these easy to build chairs Family that. Free Adirondack chair is another popular plan support ( L ) purchase through of! Mountains in 1903 ( Source ) be more durable, but softwood is certainly strong enough this..., if any for all of the straight pieces ( like the seat.! Family Handyman that also includes a plan for building this upcycled pallet swing! And how basic the materials are the ski chair, this one made. Written above the rounded wooden slats and the legs ) and fit the around. Look to this classic chair time and is easy on the budget water-based products cedar adirondack chairs plans or...